FLEx for Conlangs, Part 3

Here's the third installment of my blog series on using SIL's Fieldworks Language Explorer for recording, organizing, and developing your conlang. It's the second video, but the recording ended up being over an hour long! To avoid boring you all to death, I broke it up into six shorter chunks. Below you will find links with short descriptions of which parts of the program each video deals with. I apologize in advance for choppy transitions and sudden beginnings - I am by no means a professional (or even amateur) video editor! All of these videos deal with the "Lexicon Edit" functions. Click on the numbers to follow the links. The next video(s) will focus on the "Text and Words" tab, and the very useful things you can do with it!

3-1: The Entries pane, organizing columns, filters

3-2: Entry pane, part 1. Covers everything in the Entry pane before "Senses".

3-3: Entry pane, part 2. Senses, Variants, Examples, etc.

3-4: Lexicon edit functions concluded. Adding words and associated functions.

3-5: Browse and Dictionary functions

3-6: Collect Words, Classified Dictionary, and Bulk Edit. Conclusion.

FLEx for Conlangs, Part 2

This video features a general overview of what FLEx has to offer, and some thoughts on how they can be useful for conlangers. Check it out here:

FLEx for Conlangs: Overview

Next week, I'll specifically go over the Lexicon features, which is probably where most of you will spend the majority of your time.

Using FLEx for Conlangs, Part 1: Importing a Lexicon

I hope that this posts and others in the series will be helpful to fellow conlangers. I've been using SIL's FLEx to keep track of my lexicon(s) for over a year now, and I've found it quite helpful. I hope to explain in more detail throughout this series the various features and how they can be used for conlanging. To start, though, you might be asking "What if I already have a lexicon in another format?" This first post in the series will hopefully help you overcome that obstacle.

Before we get to that, though, let me direct you to where you can obtain FLEx, for free (SIL's good like that, providing their software to the Linguistic community for free): http://www.sil.org/resources/software_fonts/flex

Once you've downloaded and installed FLEx, and created your project, you're ready to import your lexicon!

When you first open FLEx, you should see a screen like this (yours shouldn't have any previous projects, of course):

As you might have guessed, choose "Create a new project". Now you should see this:

You'll want to type in the name of your project, probably the name of your conlang, though you could always call it "Joe's Super-Awesome-Never-Before-Seen Basket Full of Amazingness", if you felt so inclined. I'm going to call mine "Sample Projectish":

Then click OK. But you're not done yet! Now you'll get this:

It's up to you, of course, but one feature of FLEx is that you can also categorize and take notes regarding cultural aspects. I've gone ahead and said OK to the Enhanced OCM for each of my projects. In a future post, I'll try to explain how some of that works, too. But for now, let's get into the program itself. Once you've made your choice regarding whether to include OCM or not, you should have a shiney new FLEx project open, that looks like this: 

You're now ready to import whatever lexicon you already have. To do so, in the top left hand corner, click File>Import, which should pull up this list:

Unfortunately, I'm not familiar with options other than Standard Format Lexicon. I probably should explore a bit more and figure things out, but for now, I'll share what I know, which involves importing data from an Excel chart. So, if I were you, I would go ahead and click on Standard Format Lexicon. This opens the following screen in the middle of your FLEx project:

It's recommended that you backup the project before continuing, but since you have nothing there, so far, I wouldn't worry about it too much. The next screen is where you want to worry. You have the option of choosing a file to use. Unfortunately, I haven't had much success with simply importing a straight up Excel file. But what has worked has been copying and pasting excel data into a plaintext file (.txt). Before doing that, however, you'll need to make sure you have appropriate markers in place, so that your data will go to the correct place in FLEx. This may depend on how complex your existing lexicon is. If you simply have the word in your conlang and a gloss in your native language, you only need to know the two markers \lx (which puts the word in your conlang into the 'Lexeme Form' column) and \ge (this stands for 'Gloss: English', so it will be different if your glosses are in your native language, but it shouldn't make too much of a difference - this marker will send your glosses to the 'Gloss' column). 

If you do have more complex entries in your existing lexicon, there is a list of appropriate markers available here: http://fieldworks.sil.org/wp-content/TechnicalDocs/Technical%20Notes%20on%20SFM%20Database%20Import.pdf

A list of mapping markers is available on page 4 of the document. You can include things such as part of speech, example sentences, and so on.

Using the appropriate markers, I would insert a column before each section, write in the appropriate marker into the first cell, and copy and paste it into the rest of the column. That should look something like this (These examples are from Omaya, one of my conlangs):

From this point, it gets a little bit labor intensive. If you have a huge lexicon, I'm sorry (the first time I did this was with a lexicon of over 3000 words)! There may be an easier way to do it, but I haven't figured it out yet (or maybe I did with that first time, but it's been a while and I've quite forgotten!).

The next step is to copy and paste your Excel data into a plaintext file. Alternatively, you could simply save it as a plain text file (.txt). Now the laborious part: I haven't been able to get the import to work without having the \lx word directly above the \ge gloss! That is I have had to go in and press  enter before every single instance of \lx! That is, given a text file that has the following:

\ge "all, every" \lx la

\ge and \lx h'

\ge animal \lx inwalu

\ge appearance \lx holu

\ge arrow \lx arwu

\ge ask \lx se

I have had to make it look like this, instead:

\ge "all, every"

\lx la

\ge and

\lx h'

\ge animal

\lx inwalu

\ge appearance

\lx holu

\ge arrow

\lx arwu

\ge ask

\lx se

Once you've done that horribly tedious, intensive part, things are much easier. Save the .txt file where you can find it again, and return to FLEx. Click 'Next' after the initial import screen, and you should see one that looks like this:

Click on the square with the ellipsis (...) and find the appropriate file. Since it's a text file, you'll have to choose the scrolldown option 'All Files':

Find your Text file, select it, then click 'Next' (you could really go ahead and click 'Finish', because this should work at this point, but you might want to make sure the markers you've used show up in the 'Key Markers' screen).

On the 'Content Mapping' page, and the  'Key markers' page, make sure all of the markers you're using show up, like so: 

And the next page, like so:

The next page won't have anything on it, so you might as well go ahead and click 'Finish'. You should now see an option to 'Generate Report', like this:

Go ahead and click on that (you have no other option, anyway), and you should be taken to a webpage that gives you either the correct number of items that you have in your lexicon, or an error message. If it's an error, you might have to adjust some settings, and I don't necessarily know what they are. It should be fine, though, and you should see this: 

If this is what you see and everything is in order, go back into FLEx and click 'Next', then 'Finish' (if you don't want to see the same report again, click on the checkmark in the box that reads 'Display final report' before you click 'Finish'). You should see a processing bar, then, voila! your FLEx project is filled with all your beautiful words!

I hope this is helpful to all my fellow conlangers out there! If you have any questions or, even better, if you find a way to make this process easier, let me know in the comments!

Next post, I'll go over some of the basic features of FLEx, including how to enter new words, the fields in an entry, etc. Or maybe it would be better to do a general overview first. I'll think about it and get back to you soon!

EDIT: J Diego Suárez Hernandez provides this tip:

There is a trivial way of adding newlines (~ pressing 'enter') before every \lx with many text editors.

If you are using Notepad++ (a free lightweight text editor similar to Windows' Notepad but with tons of useful features, like being able to edit several documents in tabs on the same window), you have to:
- copy your text (or table) to it,
- go to 'Replace' in the 'Search' menu (or press its keyboard shortcut: Ctrl+H)
- Search for " \lx" (space, backslash, l, x; without the quotes)
- Write "\n\lx "(backslash, n, backslash, l, x)
- Press the "Replace" all button.

This will replace every occurrence of a space followed by \lx with a newline (represented as "\n") and "\lx" at once.

This can also be done in other editors. For instance, OpenOffice Writer and LibreOffice Writer let you do the same but you have to mark "regular expresions" under the "more options" tab in the search&replace dialogue.

Aitta Verb Derivations Charted!

After working on developing the derivational morphology of verbs in Aitta, I decided to chart out all the verbs I have so far, and their derivative forms, so that I could see what vocabulary I already have. I will need to replace some other words in the lexicon now that I've worked this system out more fully. I've also realized that the form which adds an argument, which I had been thinking of as applicative (when it didn't make an intransitive verb transitive), can also be causative, depending on the semantics of the verb involved. Here's the chart! If you spot any errors or have any suggestions for more specific meanings, or if you think an additive form should be applicative rather than causative, or vice versa, let me know! Some of the verbs that started out passive don't have very good definitions in their subtracted argument form, which is something I need to work on.

	Base	Nominal derivative	Subordinate form	Subordinate derivative
Default transitivity	Chi – chew	Chin – chewing	Ich	Ichcha – tooth, chewer
Applicative or Causative	Chia – cause to chew	Chian – causing to chew (possibly used to describe food as chewy)	Ija	Ijan – what causes to chew
Passive	Aji – be chewed	Ajin – being chewed	Aich	Aichcha – that which is chewed
	Chiga – bear children	Chigan – child bearing	ichka	Ichkan – mother
	Chigo – cause to bear children, impregnate	Chigon – pregnancy, impregnation	ichko	Ichkon – father, semen
	Ajiga – be born, be pregnant	Ajigan – birth, pregnancy	aichka	Aichkan – child
	Chitas – scratch	Chitsa – scratch (n.)	ichtas	Ichtasso – claw, scratcher
	Chitazo – cause to scratch	Chitso – causing to scratch	ichtazo	Ichtazon – what causes to scratch, an itch (?)
	Ajitas – be scratched	Ajitsa – being scratched	aichtas	Aichtasso – what is scratched
	Cho – pass time	Chon – passing time, passage of time, time, moment, period of time	Och	Ochcha – diversion, occupation, that which passes time
	Choa – cause to pass time, pass time for something	Choan – causing to pass time, occupation	Oja	Ojan – diversion, occupation, that which causes time to pass.
	Ajo – (time) be passed	Ajon – time passed, the past	Woch	Wochcha – time passed, the past
	Choma – be much	Choman – much, many things	Ochma	Ochman – much, many people/things
	Chomo – cause to be much, increase	Chomon – an increase	Ochmo	Ochmon – rate, that which increases
	Ajoma – be increased Ujoma	Ajoman – an increase? Ujoman	Wochma	Wochman – that which is increased
	kina – wrap, encircle	kinan – a circle	Inga	Ingan – a belt, bracelet, ring
	kino – cause to encircle, or encircle, wrap for something	kinon – causing to encircle, figuratively engagement to be married?	Ingo	Ingon – an engagement ring or bracelet?
	Agina – being wrapped, encircled	Aginan – surrounded?	Ainga	Aingan – that which is surrounded, a glade, meadow, island(?), clearing
	Halo – light a fire	Halon – lighting, ignition	Ahlo	Ahlon – fire
	Halwa – cause to light, light for something, use flint or other source of ignition to light a fire	Halwan – causing to light, lighting for something, the use of flint to start a fire	Ahlwa	Ahlwan – that which causes to light, spark, match, flint
	Ihalo – be lit	Ihalon – being lit, burning and giving light or warmth	Yahlo	Yahlon – a fire, firewood, kindling
	Hanok – begin	Hango – beginning	Ahnok	Ahnokka – beginner, initiate (an army rank, perhaps)
	Hanoga – cause to begin, beginning of something	Hangwa – initiation, beginning of something	Ahngoa/ahngwa	Ahngoan – initiator, that which causes to begin, motive, purpose
	Ihanok – be begun	Ihango – being begun	Yahngo	Yahngon – that which is begun
	Hi – shine	Hin – shining, light	Ih	Ihha – that which shines, ray or beam of light, light
	Hia – cause to shine, reflect, shine for/off something	Hian – reflection, causing to shine	Iha	Ihan – that which reflects, pool of water, mirror
	Ahi – be shone	Ahin – being shone, reflection, glaring	Aih	Aihha – that which is shone, reflection, glare
	Hila – emerge	Hilan – emergence	Ihla	Ihlan – that which emerges, fig: revelation?
	Hilo – cause to emerge, pull or drive out, fig: reveal	Hilon – causing to emerge, revelation	Ihlo	Ihlon – that which causes to emerge, push, pull, drive, motivation, desire, fig: revelatory vision
	Ahila – be emerged, fig: be revealed	Ahilan – being emerged or revealed, fig: spiritual truth	Aihla	Aihlan – that which is emerged or revealed, fig: spiritual truth
	Ka – write	Kan – writing	Ak	Akko – that which writes, writer, author, stylus
	Keo – cause to write, write for/to someone	Keon – writing for someone, message	Ago	Agon – that which writes for someone, secretary
	Iga – be written	Igan – being written	Yak	Yakko – that which is written, book, letter
	Kabi – enact	Kabin – enactment, action	Akpi	Akpin – that which enacts, actor
	Kabya – cause to enact, decree	Kabyan – causing to enact, force of law, authority of a decree	Akpia	Akpian – that which causes to enact, decree, law, lawmaker
	Igabi – be enacted	Igabin – being enacted, adherence to decrees or laws?	Yakpi	Yakpin – that which is enacted, law, action, behavior
	Kali – be long	Kalin – length	Agli	Aglin – that which is long
	Kalya – lengthen, cause to be long, stretch	Kalyan – stretch, lengthening, extent	Aglia	Aglian – that which lengthens, stretch, extender
	Igali – be lengthened	Igalin – being lengthened, extending, extent	Yagli	Yaglin – that which is lengthened or extended
	Kalot – collect, gather	Kaldo – collection, gathering	Aklot	Aklotta – collector, gatherer, that which collects or gathers, meeting, council?
	Kaloda – cause to collect or gather	Kaldoa – causing to collect or gather	Akloda	Aklodan – that which causes to collect or gather, meeting, council, or perhaps more an invitation to a meeting or council
	Igalot – be collected, gathered	Igaldo – being collected or gathered	Yaklot	Yaklotta – collection, meeting, council
	Karo - work	Karon – working, job, work	Agro	Agron – worker
	Karwa – cause to work, employ	Karwan – employment, conscription	Agroa	Agroan – employer, supervisor, chief, foreman
	Igaro – be worked, employed	Igaron – job, being worked, being employed	Yagro	Yagron – employee, that which is worked, that which is employed
	Kazo – ask	Kazon – question	Akso	Akson – asker, questioner, fig: spiritual seeker
	Kazwa – cause to ask, ask for something	Kazwan – request	Akswa/askoa	Akswan – that which requests, requestor, inquiry
	Igazo – be asked	Igazon – being asked, questioning	Yakso	Yakson – that which is asked, questionee, person questioned or asked
	Kila – belong	Kilan – belonging, possession	Igla	Iglan – possession, that which belongs, territory (of a nation, for instance)
	Kilo – cause to belong, acquire(?)	Kilon – causing to belong, acquisition, purchase	Iglo	Iglon – that which causes to belong, acquisition, seller, deed/title
	Agila – be acquired(?)	Agilan – acquisition	Aigla	Aiglan – that which is acquired, item under negotiation
	Kinar – bring	Kinda/kinra/kirna – bringing, offering (?)	Ingar	Ingarro – bringer, offerer
	Kinaro – cause to bring, bring for something, offer	Kinaron – offering	Ingaro	Ingaron – offerer, worshipper
	Aginar – be brought	Aginda/aginra/agirna – being offered	Aingar	Aingarro – offering, that which is offered
	Kinat – connect	Kinda – connection	Ingat	Ingatto – that which connects
	Kinado – cause to connect, attach	Kinadon – attaching, attachment	Ingado	Ingadon – that which causes to connect, attacher
	Aginat – be connected	Aginatto – connection, attachment	Aingat	Aingatto – attachment, that which is attached, connected
	Ko – have	Kon – having, possession	Ok	Okka – owner, possessor
	Kwa – cause to have, give	Kwan – causing to have	Oga	Ogan – that which causes to have
	Ago – be had Ugo	Agon - Being had Ugon	Wok	Wokka – that which is owned, had, or possessed
	Koda – cut	Kodan – cut, cutting	Okta	Oktan – cutter, knife, sword
	Kodo – cause to cut, sharpen	Kodon – sharpening	Okto	Okton – sharpener
	Agoda – be cut Ugoda	Agodan – being cut Ugodan	Wokta	Woktan – cut (of meat or perhaps a minor injury)
	Koja – be poor	Kojan – poverty	Okcha	Okchan – poor person
	Kojo – impoverish, cause to be poor	Kojon – impoverishment	Okcho	Okchon – that which impoverishes, bad luck, or reckless spending
	Agoja – be made poor Ugoja	Agojan – being made poor Ugojan	Wokcha	Wokchan – someone made poor
	Kola – become angry	Kolan – anger	Ogla	Oglan – angry person
	Kolo – to anger, enrage	Kolon – causing anger	Oglo	Oglon – trigger for anger, cause of anger
	Agola – be made angry Ugola	Agolan – being made angry Ugolan	Wogla	Woglan – someone made angry
	La – to liberate	Lan – liberation	Al	Allo - liberator
	Lo – to liberate from, to cause to liberate	Lon – cause of liberation, something that is liberated from?	Alo	Alon – that which causes to liberate, that which is liberated from, slavery, bonds
	Ila – be liberated	Ilan – being liberated, liberation, freedom	Yal	Yallo – freeman, that which is liberated
	Lado – be tall	Ladon – tallness, height	Aldo	Aldon – that which is tall, tall person, giant, tower
	Ladwa – cause to be tall, heighten, increase height	Ladwan – causing to be tall, erection, construction, or physical growth, growth spurt	Aldoa Aldwa	Aldoan – that which causes to be tall, heightens, erects, so perhaps used of construction equipment Aldwan
	Ilado – be heightened	Iladon – being heightened, construction	Yaldo	Yaldon – that which is heightened, made tall, a building or a structure, or a growing young man, a tower
	Lagir – require, cost	Lagri – requirement, cost	Algir	Algirra – that which requires or cost something, an item for sale or under negotiation
	Lagira – cause to require or cost, to set a price	Lagria – causing to require or cost	Algira	Algiran – that which causes to require or cost, price setting, market fluctuations
	Ilagir – to be costly	Ilagri – being costly, treasure	Yalgir	Yalgirra – that which is costly, treasure, wealth
	Lida – to sell	Lidan – selling, sale	Ilda	Ildan – seller, vendor
	Lido – cause to sell, sell to someone	Lidon – sale to someone	Ildo	Ildon – seller to someone
	Alida – be sold	Alidan – being sold	Aildo	Aildon – something being sold, product, good(s)
	Loja – make jewelry, shape or cut, craft	Lojan – jewelry-making, jewel-crafting	Olja	Oljan – jeweler
	Lojo – cause to make jewelry	Lojon – commissioning of jewelry	Oljo	Oljon – customer requesting a special commission
	Aloja – be crafted (used of jewelry, or perhaps figuratively to describe a woman’s beauty)	Alojan – being crafted	Wolja	Woljan – jewelry, that which is crafted
	Lora – to rule, have and exercise authority	Loran – rule, authority	Olda Orra	Oldan – ruler, king Orran
	Loro – to cause to rule, to inaugurate, crown, give power to, OR to rule over something, to have specific authority	Loron – inauguration, coronation OR designated authority, governorship	Oldo Orro	Oldon – divine right, one who presides over a coronation OR one who has specific authority, governor, minister
	Alora – To be ruled Ulora	Aloran – subjection, submission Uloran	Wolda Worra	Woldan – subject Worran
	Lorak – be cruel	Lorga – cruelty, cruel deed or action	Oldak Ollak	Oldakko Ollakko – cruel person
	Lorago – be cruel to someone, do cruelty to someone	Lorgo – cruel action intended to hurt someone	Oldago Ollago	Oldagon – someone who intentionally hurts people Ollagon
	Alorak – suffer cruelty Ulorak	Alorga – suffering cruelty Ulorga	Woldak Wollak	Woldakko – someone who suffers cruelty, victim Wollakko
	Mabor – to compare	Mabro – comparison	Ambor	Amborra – one who compares
	Mabora – to compare for something or someone, to cause to compare	Mabroa – causing to compare, a comparison for a reason or for someone Mabrwa	Ambora	Amboran – one who compares for a reason, one who causes to compare
	Imabor – be compared	Imabro – something compared, metaphor or simile	Yambor	Yamborra – something which is compared, subject of a metaphor or simile
	Mirap – to promise	Mirba – a promise	Imrap	Imrappo – that which promises, an oath, oathtaker
	Mirabo – to make a promise to someone, to get engaged to be married	Mirboa – a promise made to someone, engagement to be married, commitment Mirbwa	Imrabo	Imrabon – fiancé(e), one who proposes marriage, one who makes a promise to someone, one who is committed
	Amirap – to be promised, to be engaged	Amirba – engagement	Aimrap	Aimrappo – fiancé(e)
	Mirat – to stream, flow	Mirda – stream, flow	Imrat	Imratto – river, water course
	Mirado – cause to stream, flow, irrigate, initiate a flow of water	Mirdo – irrigation, causing water to flow	Imrado	Imradon – irrigation ditch, something that causes water to flow, aqueduct
	Amirat – be streamed	Amirda – water that is streamed, current	Aimrat	Aimratto – water from an aqueduct or irrigation ditch, current
	Mo – to be located	Mon – place, location	Om	Omma – place, site, land, address (?)
	Moa – to locate Mwa	Moan – settlement, causing to be located Mwan	Oma	Oman – pathfinder, navigator, map, map user
	Amo – to be placed, found in a specific place Umo	Amon – settlement, location in a specific place, habitat Umon	Wom	Womma – something or someone located in a specific place, resident, denizen
	Moda – to take	Modan – taking, acquisition, theft (implication that it was not previously owned or the owner was unknown)	Omda	Omdan – thief, someone who takes
	Modo – to cause to take, to take from someone	Modon – theft, kidnapping	Omdo	Omdon – thief, someone who takes from someone
	Amoda – to be taken Umoda	Amodan – being taken, capture Umodan	Womda	Womdan – someone or something taken, spoils, booty, captive
	Moga – to come	Mogan – arrival, coming	Onga	Ongan – Someone who arrives, arriving passenger or traveler
	Mogo – to cause to come, attract, woo or seduce, cause to enter, invite	Mogon – attraction, entrance, invitation	Ongo	Ongon – attraction (place or feature that attracts), desirable attribute, seduction, invitation, inviter
	Amoga – to be come, to come (without reference to the place) Umoga	Amogan – coming, arrival, being come Umogan	Wonga	Wongan – someone or something which is come, visitor
	Nabo – to open	Nabon – opening	Anbo Ambo	Anbon – opener, opening in something, lid or clasp Ambon
	Nabwa – to cause to open, open to something	Nabwan – opening in something, causing to open	Anboa/anbwa Amboa/Ambwa	Ambwan – opener, that which opens to something, door, portal
	Inabo – to be opened	Inabon – being opened	Yambo	Yambon – that which is opened, open container or vessel
	Nal – to pertain to	Nallo – pertinence, belonging to, ownership	And All	Ando – That which pertains to something or someone, possession, belonging Allo
	Nalo – to cause to pertain to someone	Nalon – causing to pertain to someone, deed, right of ownership	Ando Allo	Andon – deed, title Allon
	Inal – to be owned	Inalo – ownership	Yando Yallo	Yandon Yallon – possession, belonging, that which is owned
	Nagor – to be able	Nagro – power, ability	Angor	Angorra – Able person, powerful person
	Nagora – to give ability to, to teach a skill	Nagroa – teaching, instruction, apprenticeship Nagrwa	Angroa	Angroan – teacher, instructor, master (to an apprentice)
	Inagor – to be given ability, to be taught or instructed	Inagro – experience, lesson, learning, apprenticeship	Yangor	Yangorra – Apprentice, learner, student
	Namok – to command	Nango – command, orders	Angok	Angokka – commander
	Namoga – to give command to someone	Nangoa – giving command to someone, appointment Nangwa	Angoga	Angogan – appointer, someone or something which gives command to someone, letter of appointment to command
	Inamok – to be commanded	Inango – being commanded, army ranks	Yangok	Yangokka – troops, people under another’s command
	Naro – to fill	Naron – filling, fullness	Ando Arro	Andon Arron – servant, someone who fills, stuffing, fig: wealth and extravagance
	Narwa – to cause to fill, to pour or to stuff	Narwan – causing to fill, filling, sustenance	Arroa	Arroan – That which causes to fill, satisfaction, fig: wealth
	Inaro – to be filled, to be full	Inaron – being full, satisfaction	Yarro	Yarron – someone or something which is full or satisfied, fig: wealthy person
	Narop – to burn	Narbo – burning	Arrop	Arroppa – fire, flame, that which burns, torch
	Naroba – to cause to burn, to light, ignite	Naroban – lighting, ignition of a fire or flame	Arroba	Arroban – igniter, kindling, flint
	Inarop – to be lit, to be burnt	Inarbo – being burnt	Yarrop	Yarroppa – someone or something that is burnt, fuel for a fire
	Ni – to be instead	Nin – contrast	In	Inna – that which is instead, a contrast, contraster
	Nia – to substitute	Nian – substitute	Ina	Inan – substitute
	Ani – to represent	Anin – representation	Ain	Ainna – Representative, example
	Nigam – to imagine	Nigma – imagination	Ingam	Ingammo – visionary, creator, artist
	Nigamo – to cause to imagine, to imagine for something or someone, to see a prophetic vision, to envision	Nigmo – vision, prophecy	Ingamo	Ingamon – prophet, visionary, oracle, or perhaps narcotics that induce prophetic visions
	Anigam – to be imagined	Anigma – an idea, a plan, a vision (in the sense of an idea with an end goal, or the ability to envision an end goal)	Aingam	Aingammo – idea, plan, goal, purpose
	Nija – to shine	Nijan – shining, light, brilliance	Inja	Injan – lamp, torch, something that shines
	Nijo – to polish, cause to shine	Nijon – polish, brilliance	Injo	Injon – polish, polishing agent, polisher
	Anija – to be polished or shined	Anijan – being polished or shined	Ainja	Ainjan – something polished or shined, metal, bronze(?)
	Nilak – to clean	Nilga – cleaning, cleanliness	Illak	Illakko – cleaner, maid
	Nilago – to cause to clean, to clean for something or someone, to clean in order to prepare for an event	Nilgo – causing to clean, cleaning in preparation for an event	Illago	Illagon – one who cleans to prepare for an event
	Anilak – to be cleaned, to be redeemed, forgiven	Anilakko – being cleaned, redemption	Aillak	Aillakko – one who is cleaned, a believer
	Nimak – to walk	Ninga – walking, a walk Nimga	Innak Imnak	Innakko - walker
	Nimago – to walk to somewhere, to cause to walk	Ningo – a path	Innago	Innagon – seeker, someone who walks towards a goal
	Animak – to be walked	Aninga – being walked, way	Ainnak	Ainnakko – something walked, a path, a way
	Ninach – to assassinate	Ninja – assassination	Innach	Innachcho – assassin
	Ninajo – to cause to assassinate, to order an assassination, to call a hit	Ninjo – order for assassination, hit	Innajo	Innajon – hitman, hired assassin
	Aninach – to be assassinated	Aninja – being assassinated, the action of a hit on someone	Ainnach	Ainnachcho – target of assassination
	No – to be single, to be one	Non – one	On	Onna – that which is one, a single item or person
	Noa – cause to be single, unite Nwa	Noan – unity, singleness	Ona	Onan – uniter, one who unites, or one who causes to be single
	Ano – being united, made single Uno	Anon – unity, the result of being united Unon	Won	Wonna – that which is united, group, body, confederation
	Noda – to dawn	Nodan - dawning	Onda	Ondan – dawn, new day
	Nodo – to cause to dawn, to dawn for something	Nodon – dawning of something, beginning	Ondo	Ondon – new dawn, new beginning of something
	Anoda – to be dawned Unoda	Anodan – being dawned, beginning, initiation Unodan	Wonda	Wondan – beginning, dawning, initiation
	Pa – to see	Pan – sight, vision	Ap	Appo – seer, one who sees, fig: eye
	Po – to cause to see, fig: to open the eyes	Pon – sudden vision, insight	Abo	Abon – that which causes to see, fig: an awakening, an epiphany
	Iba – to be seen, to be visible	Iban – being seen, visibility	Yap	Yappo – that which is seen, a vision, a sight
	Pado – to carry	Padon – carrying	Avto	Avton – bearer, carrier
	Padwa – to cause to carry, to load, to burden	Padwan – load, burden, charge	Avtwa	Avtwan – loader, burdener
	Ibado – to be carried	Ibadon – being carried, load, burden	Yavto	Yavton – burden, load, charge, that which is carried
	Pago – to run	Pagon – running	Avko	Avkon – runner, messenger
	Pagwa – to cause to run, to frighten, to pursue	Pagwan – fright, pursuit	Avkwa	Avkwan – fightener, pursuer
	Ibago – to be run	Ibagon – being run	Yavko	Yavkon – that which is run, a race, a route
	Palo – to love	Palon – love	Ablo	Ablon – lover
	Palwa – to cause to love, to attract, to enthrall, to flirt	Palwan – passion, attraction	Abloa	Abloan – attracter, flirt, love spell
	Ibalo – to be loved	Ibalon – being loved	Yablo	Yablon – beloved, object of love or desire
	Palom – value	Palmo – value	Ablom	Ablomma – valuer
	Paloma – to evaluate	Paloman – evaluation	Abloma	Abloman – evaluator
	Ibalom – to be valued	Ibalmo – being valued	Yablom	Yablomma – that which is valued, wealth, riches, treasure
	Pano – to be all	Panon – eternity, all of something	Abno	Abnon – all of something
	Panwa – to be made all, to complete	Panwan – completion, wholeness	Abnoa	Abnoan – completer
	Ibano – to be made all	Ibanon – being made all	Yabno	Yabnon – that which is made complete, a set, a full group
	Paro – to be double	Paron – two	Abro	Abron – a pair, a couple
	Parwa – to double, to make double	Parwan – doubling, coupling	Abroa	Abroan – doubler, coupler, fig: marriage vows or the sexual act
	Ibaro – to be made double	Ibaron – being made double	Yabro	Yabron – that which is made double, a couple, fig: sexual partners
	Pi – to wear, to be decorated	Pin – wearing, vestment, clothing, all that a person wears to decorate themselves – clothing, make-up, jewelry and accessories	Ip	Ippa – wearer
	Pia – to decorate	Pian – decoration	Iba	Iban – decorator
	Abi – to be decorated	Abin – a decorated object or item, or home	Aiba	Aiban – a decorated item, object, or home
	Pida – to read	Pidan – reading, fig: education	Ivta	Ivtan – reader
	Pidai – to cause to read, to educate	Pidain – causing to read, educating	Ivtai	Ivtain – educator, professor
	Abida – to be read	Abidan – being read	Aivta	Aivtan – that which is read, a book, a piece of writing, literature
	Piga – to bake	Pigan – baking	Ivka	Ivkan – baker
	Pigo – to cause to bake, to bake in an oven	Pigon – baking	Ivko	Ivkon – oven
	Abiga – to be baked	Abigan – being baked, baked goods	Aivka	Aivkan – baked goods, bread
	Po – to owe	Pon – debt	Op	Oppa – debtor
	Pwa – to cause to owe, to credit	Pwan – credit	Oba	Oban – creditor
	Abo – to be owed Ubo	Abon – debt Ubon	Wop	Woppa – that which is owed, credited amount
	Poba – to buy	Poban – buying, shopping	Ovpa	Ovpan – buyer
	Pobo – to cause to buy, negotiate	Pobon – negotiation, business, transaction	Ovpo	Ovpon – negotiator, that which causes to buy
	Aboba – to be bought Uboba	Aboban – being bought Uboban	Wovpa	Wovpan – that which is bought, item under negotiation, item for sale, product, wares
	Polak – to block	Polga – blocking, a block, a blockade	Oblak	Oblakko – Blocker, wall or obstacle, barricade
	Polago – to cause to block	Polagon – blockade, barricade	Oblago	Oblagon – barricade, barrier
	Ubolak – to be blocked	Ubolga – being blocked	Woblak	Woblakko – That which is blocked
	Poza – to show	Pozan – demonstration, display	Ovza	Ovzan – display, demonstrator
	Pozo – to cause to show, to show to someone, to reveal	Pozon – revelation, causing to show, showing to someone	Ovzo	Ovzon – revealer, that which causes to show
	Uboza – to be shown	Ubozan – being shown, displayed	Wovza	Wovzan – item on display, that which is shown
	Ra – to cry	Ran – crying, tears, sadness	Ar	Arro – crier, weeper, sad person
	Ro – to cause to cry, fig: to sadden	Ron – sadness, cause of crying	Aro	Aron – that which causes to cry, sadness, sad person
	Ira – to be cried, to be wept	Iran – being cried or wept	Yar	Yarro – that which is cried or wept, fig: tears, sorrow
	Rabo – to fear, to be afraid	Rabon – fear	Arbo	Arbon – one who fears
	Rabwa – to cause to fear, to frighten	Rabwa – fright	Arbwa	Arbwan – one who frightens, a monster or demon, a bogeyman
	Irabo – to be feared	Irabon – being feared	Yarbo	Yarbon – that which is feared, monster, demon, bogeyman
	Rabol – to prefer	Rablo – preference	Arbol	Arbolla – Preferer
	Rabola – to cause to prefer, to suggest a better option, to influence, to advise	Rabolan – causing to prefer, suggestion of a better option, advice, influence	Arbola	Arbolan – suggester, one who suggests a better option, advisor
	Irabol – to be preferred	Irablo – preference	Yarbol	Yarbolla – that which is preferred, preference
	Radi – to envy	Radin – envy	Ardi	Ardin – envier, jealous person
	Radya – cause to envy	Radyan – causing to envy	Ardya	Ardyan – causer of envy, a person, especially a woman, to whom everyone looks up, but also envies and seeks to emulate
	Iradi – to be envied	Iradin – being envied	Yardi	Yardin – one who is envied
	Radis  - to be a female relative of	Ratsi – female relationship, sisterhood	Ardis	Ardissa – female relative, sister, aunt, female cousin
	Radiza – to cause to be a female relative of (referring to marriage making a spouse’s female relatives one’s own)	Radizan – in-law relationship	Ardiza	Ardizan – female in-laws
	Iradis – to be related (of a female)	Iratsi – being related	Yardis	Yardissa – one who is related, sister, aunt, cousin
	Radon – to enter, to go in	Razno – entering, entrance	Ardon	Ardonna – enterer, entrance
	Radona – to cause to enter, to push, to urge on	Radonan – causing to enter, urging	Ardona	Ardonan – urger, encourager
	Iradon – to be entered	Irazno – being entered	Yardon	Yardonna – entrance
	Ranos – sit	Ranossa – sitting, seat	Arnos	Arnossa – sitter
	Ranoza – to cause to sit, to set down	Ranozan – causing to sit, setting down	Arnoza	Arnozan – something set down
	Iranos – to be sat in, to be set down	Iranossa – being sat in, being set down, seat or chair	Yarnos	Yarnossa – that which is sat in, chair or seat, that which is set down
	Ri – to be (to be equivalent, I am a doctor)	Rin – being, position or identification as someone or something	Ir	Irra – being, thing, person
	Ria – to cause to be equivalent, to identify, to equate with	Rian – identification or equation of something with something else	Ira	Iran –that which identifies or equates, trait, stereotype
	Ari – to be equated	Arin – being equated	Air	Airra – that which is equated or identified with something else
	Riga – to manipulate with the fingers, to pick, to pluck, to point	Rigan – picking, plucking, pointing	Irga	Irgan – finger
	Rigo – to cause to use the fingers, to use the fingers for or on something	Rigon – causing to use the fingers	Irgo	Irgon – one who causes to use the fingers, fruit to be picked or plucked, a plucked instrument, fingerholes in a flute, etc.
	Ariga – to be manipulated by the fingers	Arigan – being manipulated by the fingers	Airga	Airgan – that which is manipulated with the fingers, fruit to be plucked or picked, a stringed instrument, a handle on a cup, door, or other item
	Rogal – to be colored	Rogla – color	Orgal	Orgallo – color, that which colors, dye, paint, colored make-up
	Rogalo – cause to be colored, to color	Rogalon – causing color, dying agent	Orgalo	Orgalon – dye agent, dyer, painter
	Urogal – caused to be colored	Urogla -	Worgal	Worgallo – that which is made to be colored, a painting, a canvas, cloth for dying, etc.
	Rola – advance, go forward	Rolan – advancement, direction forwards	Orla	Orlan – advance troops
	Rolo – cause to advance, order to advance	Rolon – orders to advance	Orlo	Orlon – commander, one who give orders to advance
	Urola – be advanced, be forward	Urolan – forward	Worla	Worlan – one who is advanced, one who is forward, forward line of a battle formation, or an individual soldier therein.
	Roma – to kill	Roman – killing, murder	Orma	Orman – killer, murderer
	Romo – to cause to kill	Romon – causing to kill	Ormo	Ormon – one who causes to kill
	Aroma – to be killed, to die Uroma	Aroman – death Uroman	Worma	Worman – dead person, corpse
	Rom – be more	Romma – more
	Roma – increase	Roman – increase
	Urom – be increased Arom	Uromma – being increased, expansion, population
	Rozap – to please	Rospa – pleasure	Orzap	Orzappo – one who pleases, fig: a prostitute, or a desirable woman
	Rozabo – to cause to please	Rozabon – causing to please	Orzabo	Orzabon – one who causes to please, fig: a pimp, perhaps
	Urozap – to be pleased	Urospa – being pleased	Worzap	Worzappo – one who is pleased, fig: client of a prostitute
	Sa – to be not	San – negation, denial	As	Assi – negator
	Sai – to cause to be not, to negate to deny	Sain – denial, causing to be not	Azi	Azin – one who denies
	Iza – to be denied	Izan – being denied	Yas	Yassi – one who is denied
	Sago – to give	Sagon – giving, fig: generosity	Asko	Askon – one who gives, fig: a generous person
	Sagwa – to cause to give	Sagwan – causing to give	Askwa	Askwan – one who causes to give
	Izago – to be given	Izagon – being given	Yasko	Yaskon – gift, one or something which is given
	Si – to be half	Sin – half	Is	Issa – a half
	Sia – to halve, divide in two	Sian – division into two	Iza	Izan – divider
	Azi – to be divided	Azin – division	Ais	Aissa – that which is halved, that which is divided
	Sida – to be a complete set	Sidan – complete set, ten	Ista	Istan – complete set, a full group
	Sido – to cause to be a complete set, to finish, complete	Sidon – a finished, completed set	Isto	Iston – one who completes or finishes a set
	Azida – to be completed	Azidan – being completed	Aista	Aistan – one which is completed, a multiple of ten(?)
	Sija – to think, to decide, to realize	Sijan – thought, decision, realization	Ischa	Ischan – thinker, decider
	Sijo – to cause to think, to puzzle	Sijon – a puzzle, an enigma	Ischo	Ischon – puzzle, riddle, enigma
	Azija – to be thought, decided, realized	Azijan – a decision reached, a thought or idea	Aischa	Aischan – thought or idea
	Sirat – to desire	Sirda – desire	Israt	Isratto – one who desires
	Sirado – to cause to desire, to long for	Siradon – desire, longing	Isrado	Isradon – one who causes desire, object of longing
	Azirat – to be desired	Aziratto – being desired	Aisrat	Aisratto – one who is desired
	So – to be (have the quality of)	Son – quality or attribute	Os	Ossa – one who has a particular quality or attribute
	Swa – to cause to have the quality or attribute of, to transform, change into	Swan – causing to have the quality or attribute of, transformation, change	Oza	Ozan – one who causes to have the quality or attribute of, magical force that cause a transformation
	Uzo – be made to have specific attributes	Uzon – being made to have specific attributes, transformation, change into something	Wos	Wossa – transformer, changeling, one who is transformed
	Sobas – to marry	Sopsa – marriage	Ospas	Ospasso – spouse (used on the wedding day and during the early years of marriage)
	Sobazo – to cause to marry, to marry (as in what a priest does)	Sobazon – marriage Sopso	Ospazo	Ospazon – officiant at a wedding
	Uzobas – be married	Uzopsa – being married, marriage	Wospas	Wospasso – spouse, husband or wife (used after time has passed being married)
	Sola – forgive a debt, redeem	Solan – cancellation of a debt, redemption	Osla	Oslan – one who cancels a debt, redeemer
	Solo – cause to forgive a debt	Solon – causing to forgive a debt	Oslo	Oslon – one who causes to forgive a debt
	Uzola – to be cancelled or forgiven of a debt	Uzolan – being cancelled of a debt, redemption, freedom	Wosla	Woslan – one who is redeemed or forgiven
	Tabo – to live	Tabon – life	Azpo	Azpon – living thing, animal
	Tabwa – to cause to live, to give life, to nurture	Tabwan – causing to live, nurture	Azpwa	Azpwan – that which causes to live, that which gives life
	Idabo – to be given life	Idabon – being given life	Yazpo	Yazpon – one given life, a newborn, a young animal
	Tagi – to behave	Tagin – behavior	Azki	Azkin – one who behaves
	Tagya – to cause to behave, to influence behavior	Tagyan – influence on behavior	Azkya	Azkyan – one who influences behavior, either positively or negatively, a friend
	Idagi – to be behaved	Idagin – behavior (in the sense of what is behaved, good or bad)	Yazki	Yazkin – a specific behavior
	Tanok – to count	Tango – counting	Aznok	Aznokka – counter, accountant
	Tanoga – to count for something, to cause to count	Tanogan – counting for something, causing to count Tangwa	Aznoga	Aznogan – accountant, designated accountant
	Idanok – to be counted	Idango – being counted	Yaznok	Yaznokka – number
	Tarok – to be great	Targo – greatness, glory, renown	Adrok	Adrokka – great person, famous person, hero
	Taroga – cause to be great, to praise	Tarogan – causing to be great, praise Targwa	Ardroga	Ardrogan – that which causes to be great, heroic deed, famous act, valor or worth
	Idarok – to be made great	Idarokka – being made great	Yadrok	Yadrokka – one who is made great, object of praise
	Tano – to hunt	Tanon – hunting, a hunt	Azno	Aznon – hunter
	Tanwa – to cause to hunt, to hunt for a reason	Tanwan – causing to hunt	Aznwa	Aznwan – one who causes to hunt, one who hunts something specific
	Idano – to be hunted	Idanon – being hunted	Yazno	Yaznon – prey, quarry, that which is hunted
	Tazo – be quick	Tazon – quickness, speed	Atso	Atson – one who is quick
	Tazwa – to quicken	Tazwan – quickening, hastening	Atswa	Atswan – one who quickens or hastens
	Idazo – be hastened or quickened	Idazon – being quickened	Yatso	Yatson – one who is hastened
	Ti – to say, speak	Tin – speech	It	Itta – sayer, speaker
	Tia – to address, to speak to or for someone or something specific, to orate	Tian – an address, an oration	Ida	Idan – orator, speaker
	Adi – to be spoken	Adin – being spoken, speech, word, language	Ait	Aitta – language
	Tigar – to extract	Tigra – extraction	Izkar	Izkarro – extractor
	Tigaro – to cause to extract, to extract from something	Tigaron – extraction from something Tigro	Izkaro	Izkaron – that which extracts from something
	Adigar – to be extracted	Adigro – being extracted, extract	Aizkar	Aizkarro – extract, especially used for olive oil
	Tina – to stand	Tinan – standing, position	Izna	Iznan – one who stands, post
	Tino – to cause to stand, support	Tinon – support	Izno	Iznon – support (beams or other structural supports), supporter
	Adina – to be stood	Adinan – being stood	Aizna	Aiznan – something that is stood, an altar, a memorial
	Tira – to be triple	Tiran – three	Idra	Idran – three of something, group of three
	Tiro – to triple, to cause to triple	Tiron – tripling	Idro	Idron – that which triples
	Adira – to be tripled	Adiran – being tripled	Aidra	Aidran – that which is tripled
	Tirap – to depart, to leave	Tirba – departure	Idrap	Idrappo – departing person, ship, or caravan
	Tirabo – to cause to depart, to depart for another place	Tirabon – cause of departure, destination Tirbo	Idrabo	Idrabon – one who sets out, a traveler with a goal, a pilgrim
	Adirap – to be left, to be departed	Adirba – being left, being departed from, origin	Aidrap	Aidrappo – origin, place of origin
	Tizap – to visit	Tispa – a visit	Itsap	Itsappo – visitor
	Tizabo – to cause to visit, to invite	Tizabon – invitation Tispo	Itsabo	Itsabon – inviter
	Adizap – to be visited	Adispa – being visited, a visit (if you are the one being visited)	Aitsap	Aitsappo – one who is visited, a tourist attraction
	To – to exist	Ton – existence	Ot	Otta – one who exists
	Twa – to cause to exist, to create	Twan – creation	Oda	Odan – creator, artist, artisan
	Ado - to be created Udo	Adon – creature, creation, created being or object Udon	Wot	Wotta – creature, created thing, work of art
	Toba – to be beautiful	Toban – beauty	Ozpa	Ozpan – a beautiful woman or thing, decoration
	Tobo – to beautify, to adorn, to decorate	Tobon – adornment, decoration	Ozpo	Ozpon – that which adorns or decorates, make-up, jewelry, fine clothes
	Adoba – to be adorned Udoba	Adoban – being adorned Udoban	Wozpa	Wozpan – one who or that which is adorned or decorated
	Torap – be a male relative of	Torba – male relationship	Odrap	Odrappo – uncle, brother, cousin
	Torabo – to cause to be a male relative of, to adopt, (also used of the act of building relationships with male in-laws)	Torabon – adoption, marriage (as it pertains to forming new relationships with male members of the opposite household) Torbo	Odrabo	Odrabon – an adopted son, or male in-laws
	Udorap – be adopted, be brought into relationship through marriage	Udorba – adoption, being brought into relationship through marriage	Wodrap	Wodrappo – one who is adopted
	Tozak – to gore with tusks	Toska – act of goring with the tusks	Otsak	Otsakko – tusks
	Tozago – to gore someone for some reason or cause	Tozagon – act of such Tosko	Otsago	Otsagon – tusks, or spears and weapons made from tusks
	Udozak – to be gored	Udoska – being gored	Wotsak	Wotsakko – one who is gored
	Ya – to be as well, to be equally	Yan – equality	Ay	Ayyo – one who is equal, peer, partner
	Yo – to cause to be equally or as well	Yon – making equal	Ayo	Ayon – one who makes equal
	Uyo – to be made equal	Uyon – being made equal	Way	Wayyo – one who is made equal, that which is made equal